EBaporate Dynamic Evaporation Estimator

Adam Powell

Last modified March 28, 2006 for version 0.9

EBaporate is not the word "Evaporate" pronounced by someone with a cold. It is a program used to calculate the rate of evaporation of a material under periodic heating, typically by an electron beam. The primary application of this program is electron beam (EB) processing of liquid metal, such as the Electron Beam Melting and Refining process pictured below; hence the name "EBaporate".


Electron Beam Melting and Refining schematic illustrtion.

The kinetics of evaporation are strongly nonlinear, so relatively small (5-10%) changes in absolute temperature can result in order of magnitude changes in evaporation rate. For this reason, the "hot spot" trailing a scanning electron beam contributes a significant fraction of the total evaporation of a melting hearth. EBaporate calculates the excess evaporation due to local heating at the hot spot.

EBaporate estimates the penetration depth of the beam, and depth below which temperature does not change during each heating cycle, then calculates temperature vs. depth and time for multiple scan cycles until reaching a pseudo-steady state. It takes into account radiative and convective losses from the top surface. EBaporate can be run from the command line or as a CGI program called EBSurf, however security of EBSurf is not guaranteed so the author strongly recommends against running it on servers exposed to the Internet.

Development of EBaporate versions 0.8 and 0.9 were supported by the Specialty Metals Producers Consortium (SMPC) based at Sandia National Laboratories. As such, those releases are made available to the public three years after release to consortium members.

If you publish results using EBaporate or a derivative, please cite the paper:

A. Powell, J. Van Den Avyle, B. Damkroger, J. Szekely and U. Pal "Analysis of Multicomponent Evaporation in Electron Beam Melting and Refining of Titanium Alloys," Metall. Mater. Trans. 38B, 1227-1239 (1997).
Buy it from TMS
EBaporate releases:
VersionSignatureRelease Date
EBaporate 0.8 (21 kiB) sigOctober 2, 2002
EBaporate 0.9 (128 kiB)sigMarch 7, 2003

Note: Sphlow, which used to be linked from this page, is now part of the Transport Phenomena Archive.

Adam Powell